Gaschignard, JKoehl, BRees, DCRincón-López, EVanderfaeillie, APascault, AAllali, SCela, EOdièvre, MHHau, IOliveira, MGuillaumat, CBrousse, Vde Montalembert, MNavarro Gómez, MLBeldjoudi, NBardon-Cancho, EJEpalza, CBenkerrou, MGaschignard, JKoehl, BPascault, ABrousse, VAllali, Sde Montalembert, MOdièvre, MHHau, IGuillaumat, CBlais, SRunel-Belliard, CPellegrino, BMalric, AGuitton, CGouraud, FPetras, MBensaid, PBasmaci, REyssette-Guereau, SPham, LLBardon-Cancho, EJCela, EGómez, MLRincon-Lopez, ERuiz-Llobet, AAdan, RPuyo, PVRecasens, VEpalza, CPerez-Alonso, VTorrent, MGomez, ABVázquez, ARodríguez, RPAlfaridi, HAlmaghrabi, RHoyoux, MVanderfaeillie, AFerreira, TRees, D2024-02-272024-02-272023Pediatrics . 2023 Oct 1;152(4):e2022061061http://hdl.handle.net/10400.17/4817Background: Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at a high risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBI). Universal penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination, especially against Streptococcus pneumoniae, have deeply changed its epidemiology. Analysis of IBI in children with SCD in a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era is limited. Methods: Twenty-eight pediatric hospitals from 5 European countries retrospectively collected IBI episodes in SCD children aged 1 month to 18 years between 2014 and 2019. IBI was defined as a positive bacterial culture or polymerase chain reaction from a normally sterile fluid: blood, cerebrospinal, joint, or pleural fluid and deep surgical specimen. Results: We recorded 169 IBI episodes. Salmonella spp. was the main isolated bacteria (n = 44, 26%), followed by Streptococcus pneumonia (Sp; n = 31, 18%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 20, 12%). Salmonella prevailed in osteoarticular infections and in primary bacteremia (45% and 23% of episodes, respectively) and Sp in meningitis and acute chest syndrome (88% and 50%, respectively). All Sp IBI occurred in children ≤10 years old, including 35% in children 5 to 10 years old. Twenty-seven (17%) children had complications of infection and 3 died: 2 because of Sp, and 1 because of Salmonella. The main risk factors for a severe IBI were a previous IBI and pneumococcal infection (17 Sp/51 cases). Conclusions: In a post-13-valent pneumococcal vaccine era, Salmonella was the leading cause of bacteremia in IBI in children with SCD in Europe. Sp came second, was isolated in children ≤10 years old, and was more likely to cause severe and fatal cases.engSickle Cell DiseaseInvasive Bacterial InfectionsChildHDE HEM PEDjournal article10.1542/peds.2022-061061