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- Antidiabéticos Orais e Internamentos Atribuíveis à Diabetes em PortugalPublication . Gouveia, M; Laires, P; Borges, M; Augusto, M; Martins, APIntrodução: O crescimento da despesa com antidiabéticos orais tem levado a preocupações questionando os ganhos de saúde e vantagens para o sistema de saúde gerados por esses medicamentos. Este estudo contribui para responder a estas questões. Material e Métodos: Numa primeira fase apresentam-se estimativas das três variáveis centrais a utilizar na análise: 1) a prevalência tratada da diabetes por ano e por região de saúde baseadas nos consumos de antidiabéticos orais, 2) o número de episódios de internamento hospitalar atribuíveis à diabetes com base nos riscos relativos das várias patologias e os seus custos e 3) uma caracterização quantitativa dos antidiabéticos orais consumidos através do cálculo da sua vintage média. Através do uso de observações para 10 anos e cinco regiões, perfazendo um total de 50 observações, foi possível estimar um modelo econométrico explicando estatisticamente os internamentos e os custos hospitalares atribuíveis à diabetes por características regionais, pela prevalência tratada e pela vintage média dos antidiabéticos orais. Resultados: Os resultados dos modelos de regressão múltipla mostram que as despesas hospitalares são proporcionais à prevalência tratada, tudo o mais constante mas que quanto mais recente for a vintage dos antidiabéticos orais usados menores são os custos hospitalares. Os efeitos para o número de internamentos são similares. Discussão e Conclusões: Para uma observação média na amostra, se a vintage média dos antidiabéticos orais fosse um ano superior então os custos hospitalares seriam 5,3% inferiores (cerca de € 11 milhões em 2009) e o número de internamentos seria 3,8% menor (cerca de menos 3965 episódios em 2009). Um exercício contra factual permite estimar que para o ano de 2009 a introdução da classe dos inibidores de DPP IV permitiu reduzir o número de internamentos atribuíveis à diabetes em 8480 e com isso poupar € 23,3 milhões em custos hospitalares.
- Atherosclerosis in the Primary Health Care Setting: A Real-Word Data StudyPublication . Ascenção, R; Alarcão, J; Araújo, F; Costa, J; Fiorentino, F; Gil, V; Gouveia, M; Lourenço, F; Mello e Silva, A; Vaz Carneiro, A; Borges, MIntroduction and objectives: To characterize patients with atherosclerosis, a disease with a high socioeconomic impact, in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Health Region. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out through the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Regional Health Administration primary health care database, extracting data on the clinical and demographic characteristics and resource use of adult primary health care users with atherosclerosis during 2016. Different criteria were used to define atherosclerosis (presence of clinical manifestations, atherothrombotic risk factors and/or consumption of drugs related to atherosclerosis). Comparisons between different subpopulations were performed using parametric tests. Results: A total of 318 692 users were identified, most of whom (n=224 845 users; 71%) had no recorded clinical manifestations. The subpopulation with clinical manifestations were older (72.0±11.5 vs. 71.3±11.0 years), with a higher proportion of men (58.0% vs. 45.9%), recorded hypertension (78.3% vs. 73.5%) and dyslipidemia (55.8% vs. 53.5%), and a lower proportion of recorded obesity (18.2% vs. 20.8%), compared to those without clinical manifestations (p<0.001). Mean blood pressure, LDL-C and glycated hemoglobin values were lower in the subpopulation with manifestations (142/74 vs. 146/76 mmHg, 101 vs. 108 mg/dl, and 6.80 vs. 6.84%, respectively; p<0.001). Each user with atherosclerosis attended 4.1±2.9 face-to-face medical consultations and underwent 8.6±10.0 laboratory test panels, with differences in subpopulations with and without clinical manifestations (4.4±3.2 vs. 4.0±2.8 and 8.3±10.3 vs. 8.7±9.8, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusions: About one in three adult primary health care users with atherosclerosis have clinical manifestations. The results suggest that control of cardiovascular risk factors is suboptimal in patients with atherosclerosis.
- Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation in PortugalPublication . Costa, J; Fiorentino, F; Caldeira, D; Inês, M; Lopes Pereira, C; Pinheiro, L; Vaz-Carneiro, A; Borges, M; Gouveia, MINTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Recently, three novel non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants received approval for reimbursement in Portugal for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is therefore important to evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of these new oral anticoagulants in Portuguese AF patients. METHODS: A Markov model was used to analyze disease progression over a lifetime horizon. Relative efficacy data for stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic), bleeding (intracranial, other major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding), myocardial infarction and treatment discontinuation were obtained by pairwise indirect comparisons between apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban using warfarin as a common comparator. Data on resource use were obtained from the database of diagnosis-related groups and an expert panel. Model outputs included life years gained, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), direct healthcare costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS:Apixaban provided the most life years gained and QALYs. The ICERs of apixaban compared to warfarin and dabigatran were €5529/QALY and €9163/QALY, respectively. Apixaban was dominant over rivaroxaban (greater health gains and lower costs). The results were robust over a wide range of inputs in sensitivity analyses. Apixaban had a 70% probability of being cost-effective (at a threshold of €20 000/QALY) compared to all the other therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS:Apixaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin and dabigatran and is dominant over rivaroxaban in AF patients from the perspective of the Portuguese national healthcare system. These conclusions are based on indirect comparisons, but despite this limitation, the information is useful for healthcare decision-makers.
- Cost-Effectiveness of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Adults in Portugal Versus "No Vaccination" and Versus Vaccination with the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide VaccinePublication . Gouveia, M; Jesus, G; Inês, M; Costa, J; Borges, MThe burden of pneumococcal disease in adults is substantial from a social and economic point of view. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal pneumonia in adults versus "no vaccination" and versus vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). A Markov model was used to simulate three strategies: no vaccination, complete vaccination with PPSV23 and complete vaccination with PCV13. The comparison between strategies allowed the estimation of clinical and economic outcomes including incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) and incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR). The model took into account the distributions of age, risk profile, vaccination status, type of immunization and time since vaccination in the population. A societal perspective was adopted and a lifetime horizon was considered. Different sources of data and assumptions were used to calibrate PPSV23 and PCV13 effectiveness. Inpatient costs were based on the 2013 diagnosis-related group (DRG) database for National Health Service (NHS) hospitals and expert opinion; NHS official tariffs were the main source for unitary costs. PCV13 shows ICURs of €17,746/QALY and €13,146/QALY versus "no vaccination" and vaccination with PPSV23, respectively. Results proved to be robust in univariate sensitivity analyses, where all ratios were below a €20,000 threshold, with the exception of the scenario with PCV13 effectiveness halved. In a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 94% of simulations showed cost-effectiveness ratios lower than €20,000/QALY, in both strategies. It was found that PCV13 is a cost-effective strategy to prevent pneumococcal disease in adults in Portugal.
- Cost-Effectiveness of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children in PortugalPublication . Gouveia, M; Fiorentino, F; Jesus, G; Costa, J; Borges, MPneumococcal infections are the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in children. In June 2015, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in the Portuguese Immunization Program. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of children vaccinated with PCV13 versus no vaccination for preventing pneumococcal diseases.
- A Cross‐Sectional Assessment of Frailty, Falls and Perceptions of Ageing in People Living with HIV Using an mHealth PlatformPublication . Levett, TJ; Vera, JH; Jones, CI; Bremner, S; Leon, A; Begovac, J; Apers, L; Borges, M; Zekan, S; Teofilo, E; Garcia, F; Whetham, JObjective: To evaluate frailty, falls and perceptions of ageing among clinically stable individuals with HIV, engaged with remote healthcare delivered via a novel smartphone application. Methods: This was a multi-centre European cross-sectional, questionnaire-based sub-study of EmERGE participants. Frailty was assessed using the five-item FRAIL scale. Present criteria were summed and categorized as follows: 0, robust; 1-2, pre-frail; 3-5, frail. Falls history and EQ-5D-5L quality of life measure were completed. Participants were asked their felt age and personal satisfaction with ageing. Results: A total of 1373 participated, with a mean age of 45 (± 9.8) years. Frailty was uncommon at 2%; 12.4% fell in the previous year, 58.8% of these recurrently. Mood symptoms and pain were prevalent, at 43.3% and 31.8%, respectively. Ageing satisfaction was high at 76.4%, with 74.6% feeling younger than their chronological age; the mean felt age was 39.3 years. In multivariable analysis, mood symptoms and pain were positively associated with frailty, falls and ageing dissatisfaction. An increase in pain severity and mood symptoms were respectively associated with 34% and 63% increased odds of pre-frailty/frailty. An increment in pain symptoms was associated with a 71% increase in odds of falling. Pain was associated with ageing poorly, as were mood symptoms, with odds of dissatisfaction increasing by 34% per increment in severity. Conclusions: Although uncommon, frailty, falls and ageing dissatisfaction were seen in a younger cohort with medically stable HIV infection using a remote care model, promoting screening as advocated by European guidelines. These were more common in those with pain or mood symptoms, which should be proactively managed in clinical care and explored further in future research.
- Economic Evaluation of Ticagrelor for Secondary Prevention Following Acute Coronary SyndromesPublication . Gouveia, M; Borges, M; Trindade, R; Rikner, KINTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of ticagrelor in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina or myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation), including patients treated medically and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: A short-term decision tree and a long-term Markov model were used to simulate the evolution of patients' life-cycles. Clinical effectiveness data were collected from the PLATO trial and resource use data were obtained from the Hospital de Santa Marta database, disease-related group legislation and the literature. RESULTS: Ticagrelor provides increases of 0.1276 life years and 0.1106 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) per patient. From a societal perspective these clinical gains entail an increase in expenditure of €610. Thus the incremental cost per life year saved is €4780 and the incremental cost per QALY is €5517. CONCLUSIONS: The simulation results show that ticagrelor reduces events compared to clopidogrel. The costs of ticagrelor are partially offset by lower costs arising from events prevented. The use of ticagrelor in clinical practice is therefore cost-effective compared to generic clopidogrel.
- FluoroquinolonasPublication . Almeida, MG; Machado, MJAs fluoroquinolonas são compostos sintéticos quimicamente relacionados com o ácido nalidíxico. Embora não estando ainda bem esclarecido o mecanismo de acção, pensa-se que actuam inibindo a DNA-girase. São agentes antimicrobianos de largo espectro, possuindo elevada actividade contra Enterobacteriáceas. São activas contra algumas estirpes de Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Estafilococus sp., contudo bibliografia recente refere aumento de resistências. Tem actividade reduzida contra Streptococcus e anaeróbios. São bem absorvidas por via oral, apresentando uma boa distribuição tecidular, excretando-se preferencialmente por via renal. São fármacos seguros com poucos efeitos secundários, sendo os mais frequentes os gastrointestinais, algumas alterações a nível do S.N.C. e mais raramente reacções de hipersensibilidade. As interacções com alguns medicamentos nomeadamente antiácidos, teofilina e varfarina podem ter algum significado clínico. A biodisponibilidade das fluoroquinolonas permite a sua administração por via oral sem perda de eficácia terapêutica, quando comparadas com administração IV, reduzindo assim substancialmente os custos de tratamento.
- Medication Reconciliation in Primary Care: Practices, Knowledge and Attitudes in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Health RegionPublication . Ascenção, Raquel; Almeida, Mariana; Ribeiro, Cristina; Broeiro, Paula; Costa, João; Ordem dos MédicosDespite the importance of medication reconciliation for the continuity of care, there is currently no information on the practices, knowledge, and attitudes of Portuguese family doctors on this subject. This study aimed to characterize the formal medication reconciliation procedures in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Health Region, as well as the perception of family doctors in this region about what they know, how they think and how they practice medication reconciliation.
- Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis and Triglyceridemia in Surgical Term and Near-Term Neonates: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Mixed Intravenous Lipid EmulsionsPublication . Pereira-da-Silva, L; Nóbrega, S; Rosa, ML; Alves, M; Pita, A; Virella, D; Papoila, AL; Serelha, M; Cordeiro-Ferreira, G; Koletzko, BBACKGROUND: Cholestasis is a common complication in infants receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN). We studied the effects of two intravenous lipid emulsions composed with either 30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil (SMOF) or with 50% MCT and 50% soybean oil n-6 (MCT/SOY) on the incidence of cholestasis in surgical term and near-term neonates. METHODS: A single-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial compared the incidence of cholestasis using either SMOF or MCT/SOY in neonates born at gestational age ≥34 weeks undergoing major surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence of conjugated serum bilirubin >1 mg/dL. Other liver enzymes were assessed as secondary outcomes. A post-hoc analysis assessed serum triglycerides levels. Odds ratios were estimated by mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Enrollment was prematurely interrupted because the MCT/SOY became unavailable, thus 49 infants (SMOF 22, MCT/SOY 27) completed the study. The exposure (time on PN, cumulative dose of lipids) was similar in both groups. Similar cumulative incidence rates were found for elevated conjugated bilirubinemia and other liver enzymes. Hypertriglyceridemia >250 mg/dL (12/49) was more frequent in MCT/SOY (37.0%, 95% CI 21.53-55.77) than in SMOF (9.1%, 95% CI 2.53-27.81, p = 0.024). Triglyceridemia at the first assessment (median 8 postnatal days) was significantly higher with MCT/SOY than with SMOF (181 vs. 134 mg/dL, p = 0.006). Over the whole study period, mean triglyceride concentration was 36.5 mg/dL higher with MCT/SOY compared with SMOF (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Both emulsions had similar effects on the incidence of cholestasis and markers of liver integrity, but MCT/SOY induced higher serum triglyceride concentrations.